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Despite these orries I like Nosek's suggestion because it builds in cognitive humility along witha sense that we can do better.It also builds in a sense of communitywe're all in the same boat when33.What does the new study aim to find out?it comes to falling short of getting things right.A.Why space advertising can be influential.Unfortunately,this still leaves us with an untested hypothesis（假说)：that assuming oneisB.How advertising can be carried out in space.wrong can change community norms for the better,and ultimately support better science and evenC.Which cities will welcome space advertisingperhaps,better decisions in life.I don'know if that's e.In fact,Ishoud probably asthD.Whether space advertising has a commercial valuewron.But with the benefit of the scienifi commnity and our best methodological oos,I hopewe34.What is Jonathan MeDowell's concern about space advertising?can get it less wrong,together.A.It might cause light pollution in some places.28.What can we leam from Paragraph 3?B.The advertising messages might be confusingA.Reforms tend to go smoothlyC.It might be difficult to localize advertising messagesB.Scientists are unwilling to express kind criticisms.D.The advertising messages might be affected by sunlight.C.People hold wrong assumptions about the culture of science.35.What's the author's attitude towards space-based ads?A.Unconcerned.D.The scientific community should practice critical self-reflection.B.Disapproving.C.Curious.D.Supportive.29.What may the strategy of"assuming you are wrong"contribute to?第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）A.The enormous efforts of scientists at work.B.The reliability of potential research results.阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。C.The communicating science with the public.D.The improvement in the quality of evidenceSome of the oldest living things on our remarkable planet are trees.The record holders are30.What does the underlined word "demoralizing"in Paragraph 5 mean?bristlecone pines (of the westem United States,quite a few of which are known to be moreA.Discouraging.B.Ineffective.C.Boring.D.Misleadingthan 3,000 years old.One individual,discovered in 2012,isestimated to be more than 5,060 years31.The tone the author uses in talking about the untested hypothesis isold,making it the oldest known non-clonal tree in the world!36 individuals across a number ofA.doubtful but sincereother tree species have also been around for thousands of years.B.disapproving but softC.authoritative and directD.reflective and humorousSo,how do trees survive for thousands of years?This is a question that has something to do withDthe good luck of trees.37.Ancient trees have obviously not submitted to deadly diseases,pests,A study conducted recently suggests millions of dollars can be made by using fleets of brightfires,droughts,windstorms,landslides,or the human axe in the centuries and centuries that theyhave quietly endured.CubeSats(立方体卫星)to form advertisements high above Earth.This has concerned somescientists as it would tamish our already-threatened views of the night sky.The other part of the answer has to do with how trees age.38.That is,will such trees ever dieThe purpose of the new study was to evaluate the“economic feasibility(可行性)of a spaceif they are not killed by an outside force?We may never know the answer to that,but,at the very least,advertising mission that would launch a formation of satellites into orbit to reflect sunlight and displaywe know that ancient trees age in ways that are dramatically different from the ways that most animals andcommercials in the sky above cities,"according to Shamil Biktimirov,the first promoter of the study.even other plants age.While cell death is an important factor in the aging of humans and other animalsBiktimirov and his colleagues envision 50 or more CubeSats working in concert to createone study found little evidence of cell death in the ginkgo tree vascular cambium(银杏树锥管形成层).images that are visiblefrom highly populated urban areas.And they estimate that a single missionIn addition,a study of bristlecone pine pollen found no significant increase in mutationwould cost about $65 million.rates with age,which is another factor associated with animal aging.39But in the view of astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell,the "bright advertising messages themselves40.In fact,an old tree might be as much as 95 percent dead tissue!Given that it isn'twill be localized to urban areas,"but the "brightness of these solar sail satellites will still bealive,wood does not require metabolic(a新陈f代谢的)activity to maintain it,so an old tree doesn'tsubstantial in other places and times,"which is something the Russian researchers didn't consider.really need to do much to keep living.The Russian researchers,in full anticipation of negative response,defended their idea,sayingA.Undoubtedly,part of the answer lies in luckthe ads would only appear at dawn or dusk (the CubeSats require at least some exposure to sunlight toB.However,bristlecone pines are certainly not alone in terms of the oldest creaturesbecome bright and visible)and that the space-based ads only make economic sense for "large citiesC.Older trees benefit greatly from having bodies made mostly of dead woody tissuethat are already exposed to permanent light pollution"D.This is a fascinating question for biologists that does not yet have a settled answerThe promoters propose that the ads appear above the most profitable city within reach for a fullE.What's more,some ancient trees have superior chemical defenses against pests and diseasesminute before moving on to the next city.And an estimated $2 million could be made each day withF.Which means that trees can survive everywhere without being limited by extemal and internalthis approach,so the whole thing could be paid off in about a month,the scientists argued.A singleconditionsfleet of CubeSats could operate in this fashion for"several months"depending on the configurationC.In fact,there is quite a debate about whether ancient trees can be considered"immortal((配置)，they wrote.生的)”Space-based ads may be feasible,but they'd spoil our natural,unobstructed views of space.That第三部分语言运用（共两节，满分30分）our eities are already flooded with light pollution and ads on the ground is hardly an excuse to embark第一节（共15小题：每小题1分，满分15分）on such an attempt.Here's hoping that sensibility will win and that ads for soft drinks and fast food阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B,C、D四个选项中选出可以填人空白处的最佳选项。stay on the ground.In May 1869.John Wesley Powell,a former Union Army major who had lost most of his right32.How can money be earned according to Paragraph 1?41 in the Battle of Shiloh,led 10 42 in launching four heavy wooden boats loaded to theA.By using bright CubeSats.gunwales with 10 months of suppliesC.By damaging views of the night skyB.By displaying ads formed by CubeSats.D.By putting up lights high above Earth.Three of the boats were made of oak,more suitable for cruising lakes than busting through rapids()None of the men were 43 boatmen.The one-armed captain of the crew had maps with【考前冲刺·英语第5页（共8页）】9198C-H【考前冲刺·英语第6页（共8页）】9198C-H

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